高中语法大清点（专自新东方推荐高三的一定要看！）

[狐狸大仙]

近来，正在努力把一些语法知识总结集中归类，再借鉴以下各种权威参考，发到论坛上。为有语法疑难的同学服务，有用的好东西
新东方的老师都是人中精英，非常精确，与老师如有冲突，此帖为准（高考经验）
希望同学们的语法888

[ Last edited by 狐狸大仙 on 2004-6-30 at 11:21 ]

[狐狸大仙]

名词性从句 （高二内容）

名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。

一．主语从句

主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。

1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。例如：
It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film.
It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not.
It is in the morning that the murder took place.
It is John that broke the window.

2. 用it 作形式主语的结构
(1) It is ＋名词＋从句
It is a fact that … 事实是…
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
(2) it is ＋形容词＋从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
(3) it is ＋不及物动词＋从句
It seems that… 似乎…
It happened that… 碰巧…
(4) it ＋过去分词＋从句
It is reported that… 据报道…
It has been proved that… 已证实…

3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right)
That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong)
(3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right)
That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong)
(4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如：
It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right)
Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong)
(5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。例如：
Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right)
Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong)

4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语．宾语．表语，而that 则不然。例如：
1) What you said yesterday is right.
2) That she is still alive is a consolation.

二．宾语从句

宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。

1. 作动词的宾语
(1) 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如：
I heard that be joined the army.
(2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句，例如：
1) She did not know what had happened.
2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me.
(3) 动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：
She told me that she would accept my invitation.

2. 作介词的宾语
例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another.

3. 作形容词的宾语
例如：I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.
That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：
Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。

4. It 可以作为形式宾语
It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如：
We heard it that she would get married next month..

5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词
这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。例如：
I admire their winning the match. (right)
I admire that they won the match. (wrong)

6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词＋间接宾语＋that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。例如：
He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right)
He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong)

7. 否定的转移
若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。例如：
I don’t think this dress fits you well.（我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。）

三．表语从句

表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句，放在系动词之后，一般结构是“主语＋连系动词＋表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外，常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。例如：
1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time.
2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people
3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes.
4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus.

四．同位语从句

同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

1. 同位语从句的功能
同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：
1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.
2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general.

2. 同位语在句子中的位置
同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：
He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.

3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语），而同位语从句中的that是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。）（第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语）
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。）（同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分）

[狐狸大仙]

省略 （高二内容）
“省略”是英语学习中不可忽视的重要内容

省略是语言的一大特色。省略可以避免重复，突出重点，做到言简意赅。省略句在英语中十分普遍。英语的省略形式多种多样，从单词到一个句子的主谓结构都可以省略，并且还有一套省略规则。近年来高考试卷对省略规则进行了专项考查，如：

1 . The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street , but his mother told him ____ . (95年)
A . not to B . not to do C . not do it D . do not to
正确答案是A : not to = not to ride his bicycle in the street

2 . How beautifully she sings! I have never heard ____ . (96年)
A . the better voice B . a good voice C . the best voice D . a better voice
正确答案为D：a better voice = a better voice than hers

要做对以上题目，考生除了对考题的涉及到的其他语言点熟悉外，关键是要具备敏感地识别和正确运用省略句的能力。正确地识别省略句，弄清楚省略了什么，对正确理解句子和文章的意思具有重要的意义。

一、动词不定式中的省略
1 . 在下列情况中不定式符号 to 必须省略：
(1) 在 see , watch , notice , observe , look at , make , have , let , hear , listen to , feel 等动词后接不定式作宾语补足语时；
(2) 在“… do nothing but / except do…”的句型中不定式在介词 but 或 except 后作宾语时；
(3) 在 would rather 和 had better 后的不定式；
(4) 在几个不定式并列时，第二、第三个不定式。例如：
It’s quite necessary for us to read more and have more practice .
2 . 在 expect , forget , like , want , wish , try , have , need , used , ought , be able , be
going 等动词和动词词组后接的不定式中，不定式符号 to 后面的动词原形常省略。
(1) He often does things you wouldn‘t expect him to . (= you wouldn’t expect him to do)
(2) He had wanted to go there , but he forgot to . (= but he forgot to go there)
(3) A: Would you like to come and look at our workshop ?
B: Yes , I‘d like to . (= I’d like to go and look at your workshop)
(4) A: Do you play chess ?
B: Yes , I used to (= I used to play it) , but don‘t now .
(5) I shall not go unless I have to . (= useless I have to go)
(6) You didn’t work hard as you ought to . (= as you ought to have worked hard)

二、并列结构中的省略。这种省略一般是省去重复成分，突出不同部分。例如(括号中表示省略掉的部分，下同)：
(1) Mary has washed and (Mary has) dried the dishes .
(2) John should clean the wall and Peter (should clean) the floor .
(3) His suggestions made John happy , but (his suggestions made) Peter angry .
(4) John was the winner in 1898 , and Bob (was the winner) in 1907 .
(5) George will take the course , and Tod might (take the course) too .

三、比较结构中的省略。在连词 than 和 as 后的比较状语从句中常省去和前面主句中的重复成份，只保留作比较的成份。例如：
(1) His handwriting is much better than Li Ping‘s (handwriting) .
(2) The emperor cared more for clothes than (he cared) for anything else .
(3) You respect him as much as I (respect him) .
(4) You respect him as much as (you respect) me .
(5) They finished the work three days earlier than (they had been) expected (to finish it) .

四、连词引导的从句中的省略。这些连词有 if , as if , while , when , where , although , unless , what , whether 等。例如：
(1) Mistakes , if any , should be corrected . (if any = if there are any mistakes)
(2) Please come again , if possible . (if possible = if it is possible for you to come)
(3) Fill in the proper articles where necessary . (where necessary = where they are necessary)
(4) He won’t come , unless invited . (unless invited = unless he is invited)
(5) She opened her lips as if to say something . (as if to say something = as if she were going to say something)

五、倒装结构中的省略。例如：
(1) Were I you , I would not do it . (= If I were you , I …)
(2) We would have given you a phone call , had we known your telephone number . (= We would …if we had known…)
(3) We have finished our homework , so have they . (= … , and they have finished their homework , too)
(4) If you don‘t go to the concert , neither shall I . (= I shall not go to the concert either)

六、某些介词的省略。(这种省略也可以不省)例如：
prevent sb (from) doing ; stop sb (from) doing ; have trouble / difficulty (in) doing ; spend time / money (in) doing ; (with a) sword in (his) hand

七、宾语从句中连词 that 和定语从句中关系代词 that 等的省略。连词 that 引导宾语从句时常省略；关系代词 that , which , whom 在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。

八、定冠词 the 的省略。the 在副词的最高级前一般省去；the 在表示独一无二的官衔或职位的名词前，而这个名词在句子中又是充当补足语或表语时，必须省去 the。如：Lincoln was elected president of the U . S .

九、句子的主谓结构的省略。
1 . 这种省略在对话中用得很多。读者只要仔细对照上下文，就不难看出省略了什么。例如：
(1) A: Is she your teacher ?
B: No , she is my brother’s . (= No , she isn‘t my teacher , but she is my brother’s . )
(2) A: Will it rain tomorrow ?
B: I hope not . (= I hope it won‘t rain tomorrow . )
(3) A: Where is it ?
B: Where you left it . (= It is where you left it . )
(4) A: When shall we start ?
B: Whenever you like . (= You may start whenever you like . )
(5) A: When will you write to him ?
B: Tomorrow , but not if I am too busy . (= I will write to him tomorrow , but I won’t write to him of I am too busy . )
2 . 有时句子省略出现在语段中就比较难识别。但正确的识别对完整理解文章的意义很重要。读者必须根据上下文的逻辑意义推敲句子的言外之意。

[狐狸大仙]

不知道大家那些语法有问题，是不是和我一样呢？
最近在弄反意疑问句，除了littlewing给我的，我这还有一套关于反意疑问句的东东，供大家参考：
反意疑问句

1) 陈述部分的主语是I，疑问部分要用 aren't I.
I'm as tall as your sister，aren't I?
2) 陈述部分的谓语是wish，疑问部分要用may +主语。
I wish to have a word with you, may I?
3) 陈述部分用 no, nothing, nobody, never, few, seldom, hardly, rarely, little等否定含义的词时，疑问部分用肯定含义。
The Swede made no answer, did he / she?
Some plants never blown (开花), do they ?
4) 含有ought to 的反意疑问句，陈述部分是肯定的，疑问部分用shouldn't / oughtn't +主语。
He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he? / shouldn't he?
5) 陈述部分有have to +v. (had to + v.)，疑问部分常用don't +主语（didn't +主语）。
We have to get there at eight tomorrow, don't we?
6) 陈述部分的谓语是used to 时，疑问部分用didn't +主语或 usedn't +主语。
He used to take pictures there, didn't he? / usedn't he?
7) 陈述部分有had better + v. 疑问句部分用hadn't you?
You'd better read it by yourself, hadn't you?
8) 陈述部分有would rather +v.，疑问部分多用 wouldn't +主语。
He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he?
9) 陈述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑问部分用wouldn't +主语。
You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you?
10) 陈述部分有must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定。
He must be a doctor, isn't he?
You must have studied English for three years, haven't you? / didn't you?
He must have finished it yesterday, didn't he?
11) 感叹句中，疑问部分用be +主语。
What colours, aren't they?
What a smell, isn't it?
12) 陈述部分由neither… nor, either… or 连接的并列主语时，疑问部分根据其实际逻辑意义而定。
Neither you nor I am engineer, are we?
13) 陈述部分主语是指示代词或不定代词everything, that, nothing, this, 疑问部分主语用it。
Everything is ready, isn't it?

14) 陈述部分为主语从句或并列复合句，疑问部分有三种情况：
a. 并列复合句疑问部分，谓语动词根据邻近从句的谓语而定。
Mr. Smith had been to Beijing for several times, he should have been in China now, shouldn't he?
b. 带有定语从句，宾语从句的主从复合句，疑问部分谓语根据主句的谓语而定：
He is not the man who gave us a talk, is he?
He said he wanted to visit Japan, didn't he?
c. 上述部分主句谓语是think, believe, expect, suppose, imagine等引导的定语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。
I don't think he is bright, is he?
We believe she can do it better, can't she?

15) 陈述部分主语是不定代词everybody, anyone, somebody, nobody, no one等，疑问部分常用复数they，有时也用单数he。
Everyone knows the answer, don't they? (does he?)
Nobody knows about it, do they? (does he?)

16) 带情态动词dare或need的反意疑问句，疑问部分常用 need (dare ) +主语。
We need not do it again, need we ?
He dare not say so, dare you?
当dare, need 为实义动词时，疑问部分用助动词do + 主语。
She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she?

17) 省去主语的祈使句的反意疑问句，疑问部分用will you。
Don't do that again, will you?
Go with me, will you / won't you ?
注意： Let's 开头的祈使句，后用shall we?
Let us 开头的祈使句，后用will you?
Let's go and listen to the music, shall we?
Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you ?

18) 陈述部分是"there be"结构的，疑问部分用there省略主语代词。
There is something wrong with your watch, isn't there?
There will not be any trouble, will there?

19) 否定前缀不能视为否定词，其反意疑问句仍用否定形式。
It is impossible, isn't it?
He is not unkind to his classmates, is he?

20) must在表"推测"时，根据其推测的情况来确定反意疑问句。
He must be there now, isn't he?
It must be going to rain tomorrow, won't it?

希望对大家有所帮助！！！

[狐狸大仙]

分词
分词是动词的又一种非谓语形式，主要分为现在分词（ing为词尾）和过去分词（主要以ed结尾），他们在句中可作定语、状语或表语。
由于作表语的分词往往被视为形容词的用法，其用法比较简单，这里只着重介绍前两种用法如：
exciting news (激动人心的消息), charming girl(迷人的女孩),
promising work(有希望的作品), known criminal(臭名昭著的罪犯),
broken bottle（破碎的瓶子）

考点一 现在分词
现在分词和过去分词的主要区别在于：现在分词表主动意义；过去分词表被动意义。
现在分词较过去分词形式灵活，除部分能接宾语之外，可有被动形式(being done)和完成式(having done, having been done), 当然being done和having been done也可理解成过去分词变形为进行式

1. 现在分词作定语
现在分词常接在名词之后作定语，经常可与定语从句替换
如：the man sitting behind me, 相当于：the man who is sitting behind me
the kids running about in the garden, 相当于：
the kids who are running about in the garden

单个的分词作定语可放在被修饰词之前，如：the sleeping baby, a running nose
改错题中若出现名词之后直接接动词，且之间是主谓关系，但不是句子主谓语，此处必定有错，可改为现在分词作定语

例题：
(1)
The boiled point of any liquid is determined by the pressure of the surrounding gases.
　　　A　　　　　　　B　　　　C　　　　　　D

答案：A
应改为：boiling.
解释：沸点的英文表达应该是boiling point. 类似的表达如: boiling water(沸水); boiled表示已完成的状态, 如boiled water意为白开水, 即已沸腾过的水

(2)
The slide rule uses sliding scales with marks ---- numbers and their logarithms.
(A) representing
(B) represented
© are represented
(D) they are representing

答案：A
解释：空格前是句子的主谓成分，空格处需要marks的定语，C, D可先排除；B是被动式，无法接宾语numbers; 因此A正确，是现在分词作定语

2. 现在分词作状语
分词还可在句中作状语，可放在句首、句中或句尾。现在分词作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的动作/伴随动作或者表示原因。
1．现在分词短语可以作时间状语，相当于when, while, as soon as等所引导的从句
如：Hearing the news, he couldn't help crying.
= When he heard the news, he couldn't help crying.

2．现在分词短语也可以表示原因，代替由since, as等所引导的从句
如：Not knowing what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
=Since she didn't know what to do about the situation, she turned to him for help.
Being so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school.
=As we were so poor in those days, we couldn't afford to go to school.

3．如果分词表示的动作发生在主句动作之前，那么此时分词就需要用完成形式
如：Having finished the work, she went to the park.
=After she had finished the work, she went to the park.

特别注意：分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致
如: Seeing from the moutain, the ocean is emrald green.
此句是一个错误的句子, 因为根据分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致的原则, seeing的逻辑主语也应该是the ocean, 而the ocean是不能自己seeing的, 应改为Seen from the mountain.

例题：
(1)
Snow aids farmers by keeping heat in the lower ground levels, thereby ---- from freezing.
(A) to save the seeds
(B) saving the seeds
© which saves the seeds
(D) the seeds saved

答案：B
解释：thereby一词习惯上接现在分词作句子的结果状语，只有B符合要求
考点二 过去分词

1. 过去分词作定语
与现在分词类似，过去分词作定语常可和定语从句替换, 通常表示被动的含义.
如：a theory derived from rich experience
= a theory that has been derived from rich experience
a gas composed of four chemical elements
= a gas that is composed of four chemical elements

单个分词可放在被修饰词之前，如：distinguished guests, unexpected trouble

改错题中常考现在分词和过去分词的混用，关键看被修饰词和分词代表的动作是主动还是被动关系。
例如: boiling water (沸腾的水，表示正在沸腾)； boiled water(开水， 表示已经烧开)

2. 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语的区别
有时一个动词词尾分别加上-ing和-ed就构成了一组同源现在分词和过去分词, 这样的例子在英语里很多, 如: interesting/interested, exciting/excited, disappointing/disappointed等, 这些由动词变化而来的分词已经被人们视为形容词了. 但是, 同源现在分词和过去分词做定语时有什么区别呢?
现在分词通常表示某个事物的特性, 通常用来修饰某事或某物, 含有“使人(令人)感到…”的意思, 如: an interesting novel, a confusing question等;
过去分词通常表示人的感受或状态, 意思是“…的…”, 如: a worried look (焦虑的神情)
试比较: an interesting boy (一个有趣的男孩 - 让人觉得很有趣)
　　　 an interested boy (一个产生了兴趣的男孩

同样, 当同源现在分词和过去分词做表语时, 在意思上也存在同样的区别, 如:
The results are very disappointing. (结果很让人失望)
We are very disappointed at the results. (我们对这样的结果很失望)

例题：
(1)
The University of Georgia, ----in 1785, was the first state supported university in the United States.
(A) chartered
(B) was chartered
© it was chartered
(D) to be chartered

答案：A
解释：本句主谓结构完整, 缺少的是主语的修饰成分, A构成过去分词短语作定语；B C 的动词结构与原句谓语冲突; D 不定式一般表示即将发生的动作, 与in 1785不符

(2)
A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time.
　　　　　　A　　　　　　B　　　　　　　　　　　　　　C　　　　　D

答案：C
应改为：fixed
解释：fix是动词，不能修饰名词period, 依句意改为分词fixed, “一段固定时间”

(3)
Closed plane figures like the square or the equilateral triangle can be grouped into a class ----polygons.
(A) called
(B) to call
© is called
(D) call as

答案：A
解释：此句主谓完整, 句中又无连词, 需填的只可能是非谓语成分, A 是过去分词短语作定语, 等效于which is called, 符合题意. C D 属谓语结构, 与原句谓语冲突; B 不定式表用途或目的, 意思不通

3. 过去分词作状语
过去分词也可放在句首、句中、句尾作句子的状语，常表示事件发生的背景或原因，
如：Seen from far away, the islands look like a chain of pearls in the midst of the lake.
Defeated in the final, the team gathered to analyze its technical disadvantages.
特别注意：分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致. 选择题中, 经常要求考生在分词状语部分填入合适的过去分词或现在分词. 到底选择哪种分词, 考生可以采取这样的作题方法: 首先根据“分词状语的逻辑主语和句子的主语要保持一致”的原则确定状语部分的主语, 再判断这个主语和分词是什么关系, 若是主动关系则应该用现在分词, 若是被动关系则要用过去分词.

例题：
(1)
---- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States.
(A) Founded
(B) Founding
© To found
(D) Having founded

答案：A
解释：分词部分的逻辑主语也应当是the Boston Latin School, 它和found之间是被动关系, 所以空格处应填入过去分词

(2)
Almost destroy by fire in 1814, the White House was rebuilt and enlarged over
　　　　A　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　B　　　　　C
　　the next three year.
　　　　　D
答案：A
应改为：Almost destroyed
解释：by是被动式的标志词, 动词destroy应用过去分词destroyed, 这样既表被动又构成句子的状语
考点三 独立主格结构

独立主格结构是介于分词和主谓句之间的非谓语形式，对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致，而独立主格则在很大程度上克服了这一局限性
1、主要特征
(1) 独立主格是含有主语的分词结构，分词与主语间是主谓关系，
基本形式为：主语+现在分词或过去分词
如：his heart bleeding
the baby crying
the project completed
　　　 The school being over, the street was full of the students.
　　　 = When the school was over, the street was full of the students.

(2)切记独立主格不等同于主谓结构，
比较：my mind wandering (独立主格)；
My mind was wandering (主谓结构)

(3)独立主格的主语和句子主语不一致
如：(With) His mouth filled with water, he couldn't utter a word. (独立主格)
对于分词来讲其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语保持一致:
Filling his mouth with water, he couldn't utter a word.

2. 在句子中的作用
独立主格结构通常在句中表示时间、条件，原因、伴随状态等
如：The film being over, we had a stroll on the nearby street. (时间)
Weather permitting, I will go fishing with my family. (条件)
Time pressing, they had to work overtime. (原因)
The leaves rustling in the breeze, I roamed on the country road. (伴随)

例题：
(1)
----modern offices becoming more mechanized, designers are attempting to personalize them with warmer, less severe interiors.
(A) If
(B) But
© With
(D)Once

答案：C
解释：句中主干完整, 主语是designers, 谓语是are attempting, 之后是不定式构成的宾语. 空白后 becoming 采取分词形式, modern offices是becoming的逻辑主语, 因此可确定需填入的词会与原句构成独立主格结构, 而不是从句, A B D可一次性排除, 其实此句除去空白处, 已是完整的句子, 类似句子如: The man entered the room, his hair flying in the air.
注意: 表示伴随状态的独立主格结构通常可以由with引导, 如本例题.

考点一 动名词作宾语

1． 许多动词不能接不定式作宾语，同时又需要动宾结构作宾语，此时动名词便可大显身手了，如：enjoy singing（喜欢唱歌）,
avoid looking me in the eye
miss crashing into the tree
Fancy meeting you here! (想不到在这里见到你了)
常接动名词doing做宾语的动词有：
enjoy, mind, delay, avoid, consider, deny, miss, escape, fancy, suggest, insist等
另外, 在一些固定用法当中, 也需要用动名词做宾语, 如:
can't help doing, it's no use doing, it's worth doing, be busy doing, feel like doing等.

2. 有的动词既可以用动名词作宾语，也可以用不定式，两者意思区别不大, 如: like, begin, start, love, learn等,
如: She began playing piano when she was five.
She began to play piano when she was five.
但是对于remember, forget, try等动词来说，接不定式和接动名词意义不同, 如:
How many people remember listening to the radio broadcast, "The War of the Worlds"
(还有多少人记得听过无线广播-- The War of the Worlds) (表示已经听过了)
I remember to listen to the radio broadcast, "The War of the Worlds"
(我想起来要听广播-- The War of the Worlds) (表示还没有听过)

We must try to work this problem out. (我们必须尽力把这道题做出来)（表示努力，设法）
We can try doing it. (我们可以试着做它) （表示尝试）

动名词作介词宾语的情况更加普遍
例题：
(1)
A mortgage enables a person to buy property without paying for it outright; thus more
　　　　　　A　　　　　　B　　　　　　C
people are able to enjoy to own a house.
　　　　　　　　　　　D

答案：D
应改为：owning
解释：enjoy doing是固定用法，必须用动名词作enjoy的宾语
考点二 动名词作主语、定语或表语 和名词相仿，动名词可作句子的主语、表语或名词的定语
如：Meeting you is my pleasure.
His job is driving a bus.
The opening ceremony will begin in five minutes.
在简单句中, 只能有一个主语和一个谓语, 考试时经常会出现在一个简单句中主语部分不全或干脆没有主语部分, 需要考生将句子补全, 这时要注意的是主语部分只能是名词短语, 动名词短语或不定式短语, 而不能是动词短语或句子, 如:
例题：
(1)
---- by transferring the blame to others is often called scapegoating.
(A) Eliminate problems
(B) The eliminated problems
© Eliminating problems
(D) Problems are eliminated

答案：C
解释：此句只是主语部分不完整，可排除A,D; B与句意不符，只有C动名词词组合适，与scapegoating相呼应。注意by后面的短语表示一种方式、手段，而不是被动式的施动者

(2)
---- raw materials into useful products is called manufacturing.
(A)Transform
(B) Transforming
© Being transformed
(D) When transforming

答案：B
解释：此句is之前是句子的主语，之后是谓语，空格处需要一个能接宾语raw materials的名词性结构，这正是动名词所具备的特点，因此答案非B莫属

注意：有时需要在动名词之前加上物主代词或名词，表示动名词的逻辑主语
如： Would you mind my turning off the radio?
I'm rather disappointed at Helen's putting on airs at the party.
She remembered Tom owing her ten dollars.
此语法点题目中较少涉及，但有助于读懂题干

[狐狸大仙]

哇哈哈，你中彩了~！你获得了MYTLS为你赠送的9积分
倒装 （Inversion） （高二内容）

英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。
一）所谓倒装也就是谓语动词出现在主语之前的现象。其中谓语动词全部放在主语之前的叫作全部或完全倒装；把谓语中的助动词或情态动词放在主语之前的则称为部分倒装。
二）倒装的一些结构：
*由here，there，now, then等副词引起的句子中，动词往往是come，go，需用全部倒装。如：
There goes the bell!
Now comes your turn.。
但当主语为代词时，不用倒装结构。
Here they are.
**用在以so，neither，nor引起的缩略答语中，
即So do sb./ Neither(nor) do sb.结构。
***only + 副词/介词短语/状语从句时
1） Only when he reached school did he realize that he left his textbook at home.
2） Only then did she see her mother.
3） Only in this way can we improve our English.
****not only…but(also)和not until置于句首时，如：
Not only does he play football well, but he also draws a good picture.（倒装在主句）
Not until he lost his health did he realize what good health meant.（倒装在主句）
*****表否定意义的状语（包括副词、连词、状语从句）放在句首时。如：
hardly /never /not /scarcely/ seldom/little
1) Never shall I forget the day when I met Mr.Wang in the countryside.
2)As she is busy writing an important article, seldom does she watch Tv.
3)Hardly does the hibernating animal make any movement and need any food in winter.
4)Little did I expect to meet him on such an occasion.
******副词out， in， away等置于句首时。需用全部倒装。如：
Out jumped a tiger from behind a rock.
In comes an old man with a long white beard.
但当主语是代词时勿需倒装。
Out they went into the forest.
Away they rushed when they saw some enemy soldiers running along.
*******当地点状语置于句首时，亦需倒装结构(全部倒装)。如：
At the corner of the street stands a newly-opened tea house.
On the wall hang two pictures.
********在虚拟语气结构中，当if省略时需倒装。
If he had known about it , he would have come to the meeting yesterday.
= Had he known about it, he would have come to the meeting yesterday.
**********在so + adj/adv + that…结构中，当so + adj/adv置于句首时，需要用倒装结构。如：
So loudly did he speak that everybody could hear him clearly.
Still less/more 接从句时，需要倒装。如：
He cannot read, still less can he write.
他不会看书，更不用说写了。
He repairs the machine, still more does he set it to pieces.
他会修机器，更会拆机器。
*在Scarcely / Hardly…when和No sooner… than的结构中。如：
Hardly had I got back when I started cooking.
No sooner had we sat down than he found it was time to go.
**在祝愿句使用倒装。如：
1)Long live the friendship between us.
2)May you all have a pleasant time on the trip.
*** 在as引导的让步状语从句中
1） Tired as he was , he worked late into the night.
2） Child as he was ,he was very brave.

[狐狸大仙]

限制和非限制定语从句 （定语从句为高二内容）

1 关系词的差别：限制性定语从句一般用who whose that which when where why……非限制性定语从句不可以用that why来引导。
Yesterday he bought a new bike，which was made in Shanghai．（which不可换用that）昨天他买了一辆新自行车，这自行车是上海产的。

He didn't give the reason，which explained his absence from the meeting held last week．

（which不可换用why，因为which在定语从句中作主语，而why只能在定语从句中作状语）

2关系词的省略不同
在限制性定语从句中，当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语或表语时，在口语中可以省略，关系副词有时也可省略。而非限制性定语从句中的关系代词或关系副词不可省略。
I still remember the days we spent together during the picnic．我仍然记得我们在野餐时一起度过的日子。（we前省略了that ／which）

Our country is not the one（that）she used to be．我们的国家已不再是昔日的国家了。（that在定语从句中作表语）

His brother，whom Tom often talks about with me，is going to London next week．汤姆常常和我谈起的他的哥哥下周要去伦敦。（whom不可省略）

3从句的作用不同
限制性定语从句是对先行词起到修饰限制作用，是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，一旦省略，主句的意思就无法理解。而非限制性定语从句则是对一个概念清楚的先行词进行附加说明，若将其去掉，主句的意思仍然完整。例如：

In the dark street，there wasn't a single person to whom she could turn for help．（MET 92）在这条黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以向其求助的人。

Alice received an invitation from her boss， which came as a surprise．艾丽斯收到了她的老板的一份请柬，这真是件令人惊奇的事情。

4从句的意义有所不同
先行词是普通名词时，限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的意义有所不同。例如：

She has a daughter who is a teacher．她有一个当教师的女儿。（她可能不只一个女儿）

She has a daughter，who is a teacher．她有一个女儿，是当教师的。（她只有一个女儿）

5从句所修饰的先行词有所不同
限制性定语从句的先行词通常是名词、代词或词组；而非限制性定语从句的先行词除了名词、代词外，还可以是个句子。例如：

This is the best film that I have ever seen．这是我曾经看过的电影中的最好的一部。

They talked a lot about the things and persons that they could remember．他们谈论了一些他们能记起的人和事情。

He won the first prize in the contest， which was more than we expected．他在比赛中得了一等奖，这一点真出乎我们所料。

6标点的运用有所不同
限制性定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后，其后不可用逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句也常放在先行词后，但必须用逗号和主句分开。例如：

Who is the girl that standing under the tree？站在树下的那个女孩是谁？

He is a teacher of much knowledge，from whom much can be learned．他是一个学识渊博的老师，从他那儿可以学到许多东西。

7从句的语序有所不同
限制性定语从句通常用自然语序；而非限制性定语从句大多数情况下用陈述语序，少数情况下可以用倒装语序。例如：

To get the job started，all that we need is your help．为了使这项工作开工，我们所需要的是你的帮助。

They came to a small house，in front of which sat a boy．他们来到一所房子处，房前坐着一个男孩。

In the distance there is a hill，on the top of which stands a white tower．在远处有一座山，山顶上耸立着一座白塔。

8英译汉时有所不同
译成汉语时，往往把限制性定语从句的内容置于先行词之前；而非限制性定语从句和主句往往翻译成两个分句。例如：

Which is the machine that we used last Sunday？上星期天我们用的那台机器是哪一台？

The concert，which was held last week， was a great success．那场音乐会是上周举行的，获得了巨大的成功。

He may be late，in which case we ought to wait for him．他可能来晚。要是那样的话我们就等等他。

9as，which引导的非限制性定语从句的差别
as引导的非限制性定语从句可以位于句中或句末，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于句末；as译为“正如，正像”，而 which译为“这一点，这件事”；上下文语意一致时用as，不一致时用which。例如：

He has got the first place in the contest，which is known to us all．他在这次竞赛中得了第一名，这一点大家都知道了。
练习：
1．Qingdao is a beautiful city，____________ I'll pay a six-day visit．

A．which B．where C．for which D．that

2．It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year，____________ for the first time in years their team won the World Cup．（NMET 2000春季高考）

A．that B．while C．this D．when

3．They have a son and two daughters，live in the city．

A．all of them B．both of them

C．everyone of whom D．all of whom

4．He lived in London for three months，during time he learned some English．

A．when B．that C．which D．same

5．A person with his head in the clouds is a dreamer ____________ mind is not in the real world．

A．whose B．that C．of whom D．which

6．China is the birthplace of kites，____________ kiteflying spread to Japan，Korea，Thailand and India．

A．from that B．from here C．from there D．from where

7．Luxun，for ____________ life was hard，wrote a lot of famous novels．

A．whom B．whose C．who D．which

8．They stood at the window，____________ they could see ____________ was happening in the street．

A．where；all

B．which；all

C．from where；what

D．from which；that

9．____________ is quite natural，a beginner can't read books written in English very quickly．

A．What B．As C．Which D．It

答案;

1—5 BDDCA 6—9 DACB


词帖内容为teacher总结~

[狐狸大仙]

按照名词的单复数形式，抽象名词可分以下四种情况：

一、只能用作不可数名词的抽象名词。如：
advice（建议），information（信息），happiness（幸福），news（新闻），progress（进步），damage（损坏），work（工作），honour（荣誉），harm（伤害）， courage（勇气），health（健康），wealth（财富），brav- ery（勇敢），importance（重要性），good（善良）等。

二、既可用作不可数名词，又可用作可数名词，且二者词义不发生本质变化。如：
hope／hopes（希望），fear／fears（恐惧），science／sciences（科学），belief／beliefs（信念），success／successes（成功），study／studies（学习）等。

三、只能用作可数名词的抽象名词。如：
idea（想法），mistake（错误），situation（局势），answer（回答），case（情况），remark（意见；评论），event（事件），statement（声明）等。

四、只以复数形式出现的抽象名词，其单数往往另有涵义。如：
goods（商品），manners（礼貌），riches（财富），wishes（祝愿），congratulations（祝贺），letters（文学），spirits（情绪）， thanks（感谢）等。

注意：当我们说“advice，damage，honour，good等抽象名词只能用作不可数名词”是指它们作本义时，只能用作不可数名词，但是它们以复数形式出现时，其词义就会发生根本性的变化。如：
抽象名词的抽象意义
experience（经验）
interest（兴趣；关心）
good（美德）
spirit（精神）
advice（建议）
youth（青春）
damage（损坏）
抽象名词的转义（具体意义）
experiences（经历）
interests（利益）
goods（商品）
spirits（情绪）
advices（消息；行情）
youths（年青人）
damages（赔偿金）

另外，surprise，success，pleasure等抽象名词用作本义时是不能与不定冠词连用的。但是，当这些抽象名词用来指一个具体的实例（如一次；一阵；一番；一种等）时，就可以与不定冠词连用了，带有修饰语时，尤其如此。在这种用法下，这些名词之中有些可以有复数形式，表示“多个；多次；多种”的意思。

[狐狸大仙]

非谓语动词 （高二内容）
动词的非谓语形式:
把动词的形式稍做变化，可以起到名词、形容词或副词的作用，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、状语等各种成分。动词的这些变化被称为非谓语形式。也就是说，除了谓语之外，其它成份都能充当。动词的非谓语形式有三种：
（1）动词不定式：to study（to+动词原形）
（2）分词：studying （现在分词）
studied（过去分词）
（3）动名词：studying （形式与现在分词相同，相当于名词）
动词的非谓语形式不随主语的人称和数的变化而变化；它仍具有动词的一些特征，可以带宾语、状语等构成短语另外它也有时态的不同变化以及语态的变化。

动词不定式的结构和功能
一般结构：to +动词原形

时态的变化：
一般现在时：to write （to be written 被动语态）
现在进行时：to be writing
现在完成时：to have written
完成进行时：to have been writing.

动词不定式能起到名词、形容词、副词的作用，充当谓语以外的各种成分，是最神通广大的一种非谓语形式。
作用:主语 宾语 表语 定语 状语 补语 都是可以的！

动词不定式功能分类：
（一）作主语：
eg.
1. To learn English is not an easy thing. 学习英语不是一件容易事。
2. It is our duty to learn the knowledge well. 好好学习知识是我们的责任。
（注：it是形式主语，无真正的含义，而动词不定式放在后面是真正的主语）
（二）作宾语
eg.
1. He wants to visit Nanjing. 他要参观南京。
2. The teacher decided to give a speech at that time. 在那时，老师决定做一个演讲。
（三）做宾语补语（也就是复合宾语的第二部分）
eg.
1. I expect you to write to me. （我）盼望你（给我）来信。
2. I asked him to show me his new dictionary . 我要他给我看看他的新词典。
（注：在这两句中，代词you , him 分别是句中的宾语，而后面的不定式补充说明宾语的动作、行为，做宾语补语）
（四）作表语（即在系动词后面的部分）
eg.
1. To see is to believe. 眼见为实。（百闻不如一见）
2. That man seems to be a college graduate . 那个人像个大学毕业生。（seem是系动词，意为“看上去”）
（五）作定语
eg.
1. Is there anything （for us）to eat ? 有什么吃的东西吗？
2. He is a man to depend on . 他是个可以信任的人。（on不能省）
（六）做状语：
eg.
1. My little sister is too young to go to school . （结果状语）我的小妹太小而不能上学。
2. He opened the door for her to come in . （目的状语）他打开门让她进来。
3. I’m sorry to say that the work is not well done . （原因状语）我很遗憾的说，这件工作做得不好。

要注意的问题
（一）感官动词和使役动词后面的不定式不加to.
感官动词，如：hear , see , notice , feel , watch 等
使役动词，如：make , let , have （要、叫、使）等，后面不加to.
help后面的动词不定式可加可不加to.
eg.
1. Professor Wang let his assistant leave early enough to catch the last bus .
王教授让他的助手早走，好赶上末班车。
2. I heard Mary cry. 我听见玛丽哭了。
3. We watched them play football. 我们观看他们踢足球。
（二）动词不定式的否定式：在to前面加not , 即为not to do sth.
eg.
1. The teacher told him not to be late again. 老师叫他别再迟到了。
2. My father decided not to take up the job. 我父亲决定不干这个工作。
（三）带疑问词的动词不定式：疑问词＋to do sth.
eg.
1. Can you tell me where to get the scarf ? 你能告诉我哪里能买到这条围巾吗？
（注：Where to go 是动词不定式做宾语）
2. Mary did know what to say when Mr Hopkins was displeased with her.
霍普金斯先生对玛丽表示不满时，玛丽不知该说什么。
^-^“疑问词＋不定式”结构通常用于下列动词之后：tell , teach , know , wonder , learn , show , find out , ask , understand 等。
（四）做简短回答或避免不必要的重复，动词不定式可以省略to后面的动词，在make , let , see , hear等动词后，to也可以省略。
eg.
1. －Did you go to see the Great Wall ? 你去过长城吗？
－No , I wanted to ↓, but there wasn’t time. 我想去但没时间。
（此处省略，go to see it ，以免重复）
2. －Did Mary go to the party ? 玛丽去参加晚会了吗？
－No , her mother didn’t let her. 不，她母亲不让她去。
（此处省略（to go to the party））
（五）动词不定式的逻辑主语：动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，不能做谓语，因此在语法上不能有主语。但是由于它们表示的是动作，在意思上是可以有主语的，这个主语称为逻辑主语（the Logical Subject）。
逻辑主语有时可以是句子的主语或宾语，如果都不是，则需要在这一逻辑主语前加介词for.
可以比较下面的一堆句子：
eg.
1. I want to open the door. 我要开门。
（to open的逻辑主语是句子的主语）
2. I want him to open the door. 我要他打开门。
（to open的逻辑主语是宾语him，开门的动作由他发生的）
3. I open the door for her to come in . 我开了门让她进来。
（动词不定式的逻辑主语是her，发出了“to come in”的动作，因此必须在前面加for.）
（六）除了ought to （应该）、have to （必须，不得不）、be to ,seem to 之外，其他的助动词和情态动词后面的不定式，均不带to，直接加动词原形“be to ”结构含有事先安排、预定的计划，有劝告、指示、命令的意味
eg.
1. The guests are to return next Monday. 客人们定于下周一回来
2. You are not to offend anybody. 你不得冒犯任何人。
（七）有些动词后面只可接不定式，有：decide , desire （渴望），expect , hope , mean（打算），pretend （假装），promise（发誓），refuse等有些动词可接不定式，也可以接动名词
有attend , begin , start , intend , love , like , hate , prefer , remember , forget , regret , stop , want , need , try 等。
它们接动词不定式和动名词时，有的意义不变，有的意义则区别很大哦~~
（八）动词不定式的完成式：“to have done”
主要体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前
eg.
1. I am sorry to have kept you waiting.
很抱歉让你久等了。（keep you waiting 在先，be sorry在后）
*但在plan , hope , except , should / would like 等词之后，表示没有实现。
eg.
1. He planned to have gone abroad. 他原计划出国。（但事实上他没有去，没有实现）
相当于He planned to go abroad , but he didn’t.
2. I would like to have had you help . 我本想能得到你的帮助。（实际上我却没有得到）
（九）动词不定式的进行式：“to be doing”
表示主要动作发生时，不定式所表示的动作正在进行。
eg.
1. They seem to be talking about something important. 他们似乎正在谈一些重要的事情。
2. The two weavers pretended to be working hard. 那两个织布匠假装在努力干活。
（十）动词不定式的被动语态：“to be done”

[狐狸大仙]

定冠词常用于以下几种情况：

①“特指”某个或某些人或物前。例如：
The books on the desk are mine．书桌上的书是我的。
“双熟悉”指谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物前。例如：
Where is the teacher？老师在哪里？
②上文已经提到的人或事物前。例如：
I can see a cat．The cat is Lucy's．我能看见一只猫。那只猫是露茜的。
③世界上独一无二的事物前。例如：
The earth goes around the sun．地球围绕太阳转。
④序数词或形容词最高级前。例如：
September is the ninth month of the year．九月是一年中的第九个月。
Mike is the tallest of the three boys．迈克是三个男孩中最高的一个。
⑤由普通名词构成的专有名词前。例如：the Great Wall（长城），the People's Park（人民公园）等。
⑥一些习惯用语中或乐器前。例如：in the day（在白天），play the piano（弹钢琴）等。
不用冠词的几种情况：
①名词前已有作定语用的this，that，these，those，my，your，his，her，our，their，some等限定词。例如：this
eraser，her pencil-box，some boxes，these women等。
②泛指的不可数名词前一般不用冠词。例如：meat，rice，water，bread，tea，milk，juice等。
③表示学科的名词前一般不用冠词。例如：Chinese，maths，English，physics，history等。
④在三餐饭和球类运动前一般不用冠词。例如：have breakfast／lunch／supper，play
basketball／football／volleyball／table tennis／tennis／pingpong等。
⑤复数名词表示泛指时不用冠词。例如：
His parents are both workers．他父母都是工人。
The people in the room are doctors．房间里那些人是医生。
⑥季节、节日、星期、月份前不用冠词。例如：autumn，winter，Teachers' Day，Children's
Day，Sunday，Wednesday，February，October等。
⑦表示颜色、语种和国家的名词前不用冠词。例如：white，brown，French（法语），Japanese（日语），Australia，America（美国）等。
⑧表示称呼语的名词之前以及职务、头衔的名词后也跟有名词时不用冠词。例如：
What's wrong，Granny？老奶奶，怎么啦？
Doctor Green is a scientist．格林博士是位科学家。
turn的特殊用法,后面不加冠词直接加职业,和它相同此用法的还有select