非謂語動詞

[狐狸大仙]

看到各位都對非謂語動詞很發愁﹐於是我找了一點資料發上來。
祝 好運﹗
在英語語法中，掌握好動詞的用法是最重要的，而非謂語動詞又是動詞中非常重要的一部分，由於它們內容多，有些用法相似，所以不好掌握，經常被混淆用錯，筆者通過列表比較方法，我們會對非謂語動詞的用法一目了然，找出異同，更好的掌握它們的用法，下面通過列表比較的方式，分析非謂語動詞的主要用法。

　　非謂語動詞和謂語動詞的相對時間關係
非謂語動詞 相對謂語動詞的時間意義 例句
一般式不定式 說明行為在謂語動詞所表示的行為之後，多數是那些表願望的詞：want; hope; expect; wish等。 I want to go home.
I hope to see you.
說明行為與謂語動詞表示的行為同時發生，多數是那些省略不定式符號的詞，一般是複合賓語。 I saw him come in.
He helped him (to) carry things.
一般式動名詞 表示動作與謂語動詞表示的動作同時發出。 We enjoyed seeing the film.
I am thinking of taking over the job.
在動詞insist on; rely on; count on(相信)等後表示動作在謂語動詞表示的動作之後發生。 He insisted on doing that work
在有些明確表示時間先後的動詞和介詞on; upon after代替完成動名詞表示的動作在謂語動詞表示的動作先發生。 I remember seeing him before.
On arriving Beijing, he went to see his friend.
一般式分詞 現在分詞 持續性動詞 說明分詞表示的動作和句中謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生。 He stood there speaking.
Holding a book under his arm, he entered the room.
終止性動詞 說明分詞表示的動作發生之後，句中謂語動詞表示的動作立刻發生。 Entering the room, I found nobody in.
Turning to the right, you will find the post office.
過去分詞 持續性動詞 通常說明分詞表示的動作，此句中謂語動詞表示的動作先發生。 Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.
I can't find my lost pen.
說明分詞表示的動作和句中謂語動詞表示的動作並無先後。 He is a person well-known in this country.
代替完成式現在分詞的被動語態。 Educated by the party, he became a brave fighter.
完成式不定式 說明行為動詞在謂語動詞表示的行為動詞之前發生。 I'm sorry to have troubled you.
He is said to have come here.
He is thought to have done it.
He is believed to have done it.
He seemed to have known it.
在wish, hope, expect, intend, mean, suppose等動詞過去時後，說明行為動詞沒有實現。 We wished to have done this.
I expected to have left by then.
(=I had expected to heave by then.)

完成式動名詞 說明動名詞表示的動作，此句中動詞表示的動作先發生。 We regret having told you the news.
After having finished his work, he went home.
He denied having broke the glasses.
完成式分詞 說明分詞表示的動作，此句中謂語動詞表示的動作先發生。多數表示一些暫態間動詞。如果是hear; see或表示位置轉移的動詞arrive; leave; turn; open.不用完成時 Having finished his work, he went home.
Sitting down with him, we begun to discuss it.
Hearing this, he rose and went to the door.


二．非謂語動詞的被動語態

　　1. 非謂語動詞被動語態的意義
非謂語動詞 意義和用法 例句
不定式 表示被動的意義 The meeting is to be held next week.
He wanted to be sent to the hard area.
有時主動形式表示被動的意義，同被動沒什麼區別，具有“應該”．“值的”的意思。不定式是主語的承受者，但有時作某些形容詞的賓語， 如：nice, easy, hard, difficult, fit, suitable, good, heavy, comfortable, cheap等。 The box is not strong enough to stand this.
It's too small to see.
There is a lot of work to do
The house is to let at low rent.
I am not to blame.
Houses are still to seek.
Much remains to do.
The text is hard to learn.
動名詞 表示被動的意義 He insisted on being sent to the hard area.
在動詞need, require等的主動語態和形容詞worth後, 表示被動的意義 My watch needs repairing.
The book is worth reading.
分詞 現在分詞 表示被動的意義 The building being built is a school.
Not having been told, he didn't know where to start.
過去分詞 表示被動的意義 Heated, the metal expands.

　　2. 一般現在分詞，完成的現在分詞和過去分詞表示被動意義的區別
非謂語動詞 意義和用法 例句
一般式現在分詞 含有具體的意義，說明和句中謂語動詞表示的動作同時發生，一般是持續性動詞 The person being criticized is our monitor.
完成式分詞 表示動作狀態比句中謂語動作先發生，一般是瞬間動詞 Not having been told about it, I don't know how to do it.
過去分詞 具有一船的意義，強調事實，說明比句中謂語動詞表示的動作先發生，有時同完成式的被動詞態可互換。 Given more time, (=Having been given) I can do it much better.


三．非謂語動詞的句法作用

　　1. 非謂語動詞的句法作用一覽表
非謂語動詞
句子成分 不定式 動名詞 分詞
主語 √ √
賓語 直接賓語 √ √
短語動詞賓語 √ √
賓語補語 √ √ √
介詞賓語 √
形容詞賓語 √ √
表語 √ √ √
定語 √ √ √
狀語 √ √
同謂語 √ √
插入語 √ √

　　2. 非謂語動詞作主語
非謂語動詞 意義和用法 例句
不定式 動詞不定式表示比較具體的意義，經常和特定的動作和執行者聯繫起來，經常帶時間或地點狀語，有時表示將要發生的動作。 To master a foreign language is no easy job.
To do it well is my earnest desire
To see this film is to waste time.
To solve this problem is out of the question
動詞不定式（短語）作主語時，常見的另一種形式是在句首用先行代詞it作形式主語，而將動詞不定式（短語）移到謂語之後作真正主語。用於這種形式是一些特定形容詞，動詞和名詞 1)形容詞作表語（常見的形容詞有：important, difficult, easy hard possible）
It is foolish to act in this way.
It sounds reasonable to do it this way.
It appears likely for them to arrive.
2) 動詞作謂語（常見的動詞有：require, cost, amuse, delight, irritate, annoy
It took much time to do this.
It makes us excited to think about that.
It needed hard work to finish the job.
It does no good to say like that.
It didn't occur to me to ask him to help me.
3)名詞作表語
It seems a pity to waste them.
It is a great pleasure to do this
It is a good idea to think this way.
動名詞 動名詞表求比較抽象（一般）和經常性的意義，有時可同不定式互換 Collecting stamps is a good hobby.
Swimming is a best sport in summer.
There is no telling what will happen.
There is no denying the fact.
There is no need informing him of it.
動名詞短語作主語時，常見的另一種形式是在句首用先行代詞it作形式主語面將動名詞短語移至謂語之後作真實主語。用於這種形式是一些特定形容詞和名詞 1)形容詞作表語(常見的形容詞有：enjoyable, good, hard, worthwhile)
It is nice talking to you.
It's foolish behaving like that.
It is useless doing that
2)名詞作表語
It's waste of time doing this. It's no good (use) doing that.
It's an awful job doing this. It's fun doing this
It is not an easy task doing this work.

[山姆大叔]

看不懂

[酒旗风]

认真看了，就是咋是繁体字，不亲切