翻译技巧精讲

[skyhyatt]

:coolbit:当时发这个帖子,是想把所学的翻译方法和技巧与大家分享,可是后来我去了部队,所以一直耽搁到现在.ANYWAY,现在继续......

LECTURE1.1 口译技能要点

一.称谓口译
Interpreting Terms of Address and Titles

在外事接待活动中,译员首先面临的一道难题是称谓的口译.称谓代表了一个人的职位或职衔等,体现了一个人的资历和地位.称谓的准确翻译其关键在于译员对有关人员的身份及其称谓的表达是否有一个正确的理解,尤其是对称谓语的认识.一种称谓语很可能表示多种身份,例如,英语的头衔语president,译成汉语时可视具体情况分别译作共和国的总统,国家主席,大学的校长,学院的院长,学会或协会的会长或主席,公司的总裁或董事长等等.

1一般说来,各类机构或组织的首长其汉语称谓译成英语时虽可套用通用此head,但从比较严格的意义上看,应使用特定的,规范的称谓语.例如:
校长(大学)President of Beijing University
校长(中小学)Principal/Headmaster of Donghai Middle School
院长(大学下属)Dean of the Graduate School
系主任(大学学院下属)Chair/Chairman of the English Department
会长主席(学/协会)President of the Student Union
厂长(企业)Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant
院长(医院)President of Huadong Hospital
主任(中心)Director of the Business Center
主任(行政)Director of Foreign Affairs Office
董事长(企业)President/Chairman of the Board of Directors
董事长(学校)President/Chairman of the Board of Trustees

2首席长官的汉语称谓常以"总......"表示,而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有chief,general,head,managing这类词,因此当翻译冠以"总"字的头衔时,需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯:
总书记general secretary
总会计师chief accountant
总建筑师chief architect
总编辑chief editor;editor-in-chief;managing editor
总出纳chief cashier;general cashier
总裁判chief referee
总经理general manager;managing director;executive head
总干事secretary-general;commissioner
总指挥commander-in-chief;generalissimo
总领事consul-general
总监chief inspector;inspector-general;chief impresario
总厨head cook;chef
3有些部门或机构的首长或主管的英译,可以一些通用的头衔词表示,例如下列机构的负责人可以用director,head或chief来表示:
司(部属)departmen
厅(省属)deparment
署(省属)office(行署为administrative office)
局bureau
所institute
处division
科section
股section
室office
教研室program/section
例:局长 director of the bureau,head of the bureau,bureau chief
国务院 the State Council 属下的部为ministry,所以部长叫作minister另外,公署专员叫作commissioner,其办事机构叫做"专员公署",英语为prefectural commissioner's office.
4汉语中表示副职的头衔一般都冠以"副"字,英译时需视词语的固定搭配或表达习惯等情况,可选择vice,associate,assistant,deputy等词.相对而言,vice使用茫叵广,例如:
副总统(或大学副校长)bice president
副主席(或系副主任)vice chairman
副总理vice premier
副市长vice mayor
副领事vice consul
5行政职务的副职头衔与学术头衔的"副"支撑往往用不同的词表达,最为常用的英语词是associate,例如:
副教授associate professor
副研究员associate reasearch fellow
副主编associate managing editor
6当然,有些英语职位头衔,如manager和headmaster,其副职头衔可冠以assistant,例如:
副总经理assistant/deputy general manager
7以director表示的只为的副职常以deputy director表示.此外,secretary,mayor,dean等头衔的副职也可冠以deputy,例如:
副秘书长deputy secretary-general
副院长deputy dean
8学术头衔中的初级职称如"助理",常用assistant来表示,例如:
助理教授 assistant professor
助理编辑 assistant editor
9还有一些行业的职称头衔,其高级职称不用"正""副"表示,而直接用"高级""资深"来表示,我们可以用senior来称呼,例如:
高级记者senior reporter
高级讲师senior lecturer
高级农艺师senior agronomist
10有一些行业的职称中,最高级的只为冠以"首席"一词,英语常用chief来表示:
首席执行官chief executive officer(CEO)
首席顾问chief advisor
首席检察官chief inspector/prosecutor
首席仲裁员chief arbitrator
首席监事chief supervisor
首席播音员chief announcer/broadcaster
11一般说来,"代理"可译作acting,例如
代理市长acting mayor
代理总理acting premier
"常务"可以managing表示,例如:
常务理事managing director
"执行"可译作executive,例如:
执行主席executive chairman(也可译作presiding chairman)
"名誉"译作honorary,例如:
名誉主席honorary chairman/president
有些职称或职务带有"主任""主治""特级""特派""特约"等,英译不尽相同.例如:
主任编辑associate senior editor
主治医师attending/chief doctor;physician;consultant
特级教师special-grade senior teacher
特派记者accredited correspondent
特派员/专员commissioner
特约记者special correspondent
12有些头衔难以归类,需要日积月累,逐步登录在自己的称谓语资料库中.下列是一部分:
办公室主任office manager
车间主任workshop manager/director
财务主任treasurer
编审senior editor
博导doctoral student supervisor
研究生导师graduate student tutor
客座教授visiting professor
院士academician
村长village head
领班captain;foreman;gaffer
经纪人broker
红马夹(stock exchanger)floor broker
注册会计师chartered/certified public accountant
registered/incorporated accountant
13我国有一些常见的荣誉称号(honorary title)在许多英语国家没有对应的表达,这里列举的英译供参考:
标兵pacemaker
学习标兵student pacemaker;model student
劳动模范model worker
模范教师model teacher
青年标兵model youth/youth pacemaker
青年突击手youth shock worker
三好学生"triple-A"outstanding student;outstanding student
三八妇女红旗手"March 8th Red Banner"outstanding woman pacemaker

好了,现在开始布置作业:dry没人拿砖头砸我哇)
把下列称谓译成英语
总工程师
总代理
总教练
总导演

副部长
副省长
副审判长
副译审
副秘书长

助理工程师
助理教练

高级编辑
首席法官
首席代表
首席记者

代理主任
常务副校长
执行秘书
名誉校长
主任护士
特约编辑
住院医生

交作业的格式,如下:
总工程师 general manager
.......

跟帖回复,就可以了,答案我会定时公布的

好了CLASS OVER~~~~~

[飘儿]

总工程师 chief engineer
总代理 general agency
总教练 chief coach
总导演 chief director

副部长 vice minister
副省长 vice governor
副审判长 associate presiding judge
副秘书长 deputy secretary-general

助理工程师 assisitant engineer
助理教练 assistant coach

高级编辑 senior editor
首席法官 chief judge
首席代表 chief representative
首席记者 chief journalist

代理主任 acting director
常务副校长 managing vice headmaster
执行秘书 executive secretary
名誉校长 honorary headmaster
主任护士 associate nurse
特约编辑 special editor
住院医生 ？？？？what's the meaning？？？？？

[skyhyatt]

纠正几处:

总代理 general agent

总教练head coach
总导演head director
(这两个词原则上说,飘儿翻译的没有错,只是翻译要尽量符合英语表达习惯,也就是要尽量做到地道嘛)

主任护士senior nurse
特约编辑contributing editor
住院医生resident(doctor);registrar
住院医生:居住在医院中接受专长训练的业已毕业并持有行医执照的医师

PS:感谢飘儿的支持!希望这里的翻译课程能对你有所帮助

[skyhyatt]

LECTURE1.2

二. 谚语口译
Interpreting Proverbs
翻译作为一种以简单通俗的语言来表达深刻道理的语句,常为人们所引用.在国际交往中,人们喜欢引用本国或外国的谚语.例如美国前总统里根1984年4月访华时充满深情地说:Since we arrived the graciousness with which we have been received has been heartwarming.A Chinese proverb best describes my feeling:"When the visitor arrives,it is as if returning home."(宾至如归)同年11月访华的挪威首相Willoch在欢迎宴席上说道:try from afar,I am very conscious of the truth of the Chinese proverb"Seeing is believing"(百闻不如一见)
谚语的准确转译是口译人员必须面对的一道难题.好在许多谚语流传甚广,早已为我们所熟知.例如,英语谚语A good beginning is half the battle/Well begun is half done,许多英语学习者都只到其含义及汉语译文,即"一个良好的开端是成功的一半.恐怕不会有人会将其译为"一个良好的开端是半场战斗"吧?谚语的口译大致可分为三种类型,一种是"形同意合"的口译,第二种是"形似意合"的口译,第三种是"形异意合"的口译.下面分别介绍这三种谚语.
1英语和汉语两种语言汇总都有许多形同意合的谚语.例如英语的A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit与汉语的"吃一堑,长一智"其形其意都是吻合的.请看一下各例谚语的英汉对照:
Facts speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩.
Money can't buy time.寸金难买寸光阴
Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母
To teach is to learn.教学相长
Like father,like son.有其父必有其子
Pride goes before a fall.骄兵必败
Fish in troubled water.浑水摸鱼
Business is business公事公办
The style is the man文如其人
More haste,less speed欲速则不达
Great minds think alike英雄所见略同
Misfortunes never come alone祸不单行
Hedges have eyes,walls have ears.隔篱右眼,隔墙有耳.
Man proposes,god disposes.谋事在人,成事在天
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder情人眼里出西施
Time and tide wait for no man时不我待/岁月无情
A young idler,an old beggar少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲
A man should not bite the hand that feeds him不要恩将仇报
Health is better than wealth家有万贯财,不如一身健
Out of office ,out of danger无官一身轻
In time of peace prepare for war居安当思危
The tongue cuts the throat祸从口出/言多必失
Out of sight,out of mind./Far from eye,far from heart.眼不见为净
All shall be well,Jack shall have Jill.有情人终成眷属
Friends must part.天下无不散之筵席
The remembrance of the past is the teacher of the future.前事不忘,后事之师/前车之覆,后车之鉴
2英汉语言终有许多谚语虽然形有所不同,但表意却惊人的相似,例如英语中有Love me,love my dog一语,汉语也有"爱屋及乌"的说法.以下是第二类谚语:
Kill two birds with one stone.一箭双雕/一石两鸟
Speak of the devil(and he will appear)说到曹操,曹操就到
A new broom sweeps clean新官上任三把火
Beat the dog before the lion.杀鸡骇猴
Teach fish to swim班门弄斧
A word spoken is past recalling一言既出,驷马难追
Let sleeping dogs lie勿打草惊蛇
In for a penny,in for a pound.一不做二不休
There is no smoke without fire.无风不起浪
Have a card up one's sleeve.胸有成竹
Put the cart before the horse.本末倒置
Fine feathers make fine birds.人靠衣装
As a man sows,so he shall reap.种瓜得瓜
Much will have more.得陇望蜀/得寸进尺
The sauce is better than the fish.喧宾夺主
He cries wine and sells vinegar.挂羊头,卖狗肉
Good wine needs no bush.酒香不怕巷子深
The pupil outdoes the master.青出于蓝而胜于蓝
There are plenty of fish in the sea.天涯何处无芳草
Diamod cut diamod.强中更有强中手
He takes a spear to kill a fly.杀鸡用牛刀
Gifts blind the eyes.拿了手短,吃了嘴软
Dogs bite in every country.天下乌鸦一般黑.
Better an open enemy than a false friend.明枪易躲,暗箭难防
Little strokes fell great oaks.滴水穿石
Judge not a book by its cover.人不可貌相
All roads lead to rome./All rivers run into the sea殊途同归
Peace on the forehead and war in the mind.口蜜腹剑
A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.身正不怕影子歪
The same knife cuts bread and fingers.水能载舟,亦能覆舟
A sparrow cannot understand the anbition of a swan.燕雀安知鸿鹄之志
It is better to be the head of a dog/lizard than the tail of a lion.宁当鸡头,不当凤尾
It is better to die than to live when life is a disgrace./Better die with honor than live with shame.宁为玉碎,不为瓦全.
3第三类谚语,容易示人望形生意,造成误译.例如英语谚语A horse stumbles that has four legs,若将其译成"有四条腿的马会失蹄",这自然会给听者的理解带来困难.对于这类谚语的翻译,英采取"形相远而意象近"的译法,即以完全不同的词语将甲方语句传达给乙方.如果我们将上例翻译为"人非圣贤,孰能无过"或是"金无足赤,人无完人",不失为成功的处理方法.下面的例子都体现了这一原则:
Rest breeds rust生命在于运动
Names are debts树大招风
Common fame is a liar盛名之下,其实难副
Many kiss the baby for the nurse's sake醉翁之意不在酒
Tothing venture,nothing have不入虎穴,焉的虎子
Things done cannot be undone覆水难收
True blue will never stain真金不怕火炼
A clear conscience is a sure card为人不做亏心事,半夜不怕鬼敲门
A bad conscience is a snake in one's heart做贼心虚
All your swans are geese事与愿违
Justice has long arms天网恢恢,疏而不漏
Late fruit keeps well大器晚成
Take things as they come既来之则安之
A hedge between keeps friendship green君子之交淡若水
Everbody's business is nobody's business三个和尚没水吃
The moon is not seen when the sun shines小巫见大巫
Penny wise and pound foolish因小失大
The pot calls the kettle black五十步笑百步
Short pleasure,long lament一失足成千古恨
Danger is next neighbor to security塞翁失马,安之非福?
Misfortune might be a blessing in disguises祸兮福所倚,福兮祸所伏
当然,掌握了以上三种谚语的翻译方法并不等于找到了一把可以翻译所有谚语的万能钥匙.有些谚语的翻译语序"转形解意",而有些则需"以不变应万变".例如:
Silence is golden.沉默是金
A rolling stone gathers no moss滚石不生苔
One swallow does not make a summer一燕不成夏
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush双鸟在林,不如一鸟在手
除了谚语之外,成语,习语,歇后语等语句的口译方法有"举一反三"之意.一般说来,在了解有关词语所含寓意的情况下,可采用意译或半意译的方法,只需将词语的意思传译即可.至于歇后语的口译,一般不必将歇后语的前后两部分都译成英语.[口译时,原则上只需将翻译歇后语所表达的主要意思,即歇后语中后半句的内容即可.

Assignment:
英译汉
once bit,twice shy.
birds of a feather flock together
every potter praises his pot.
do one thing under cover of another
汉译英
大智若愚
自食其果
失之东隅,收之桑榆
有福同享,有难同当

[北北]

英语中不“吃醋”

　翻译辨误：
　　原文：She spoke with a touch of vinegar.
　　译文：她说话带着一点醋意。
　　辨析：乍一看译文一点不错，还有点文采，但实际上却是错译。此句的关键在于vinegar的隐喻含义。Vinegar是“醋”不错，但这两个中英文词只有在指那种带酸味的调料（即词的本义denotative meaning）时，意思才是一样的。“说话带点醋意”当然不指说话人嘴里真的带醋味儿，而是隐喻，表示妒忌（即隐含意义connotative meaning）。

　　然而，英语中的vinegar的隐含意义不同于汉语“醋”的隐含意义，与嫉妒无关，而是表示“不高兴”或“尖酸刻薄”。因此，原句应译为：她有点/不无刻薄地说。

　　不过要注意：vinegar在美语中还有“精力充沛”的意思，如a kid full of vinegar是“一个活蹦乱跳的小伙子”。反过来，汉语的“吃醋”当然也不能译成eat/taste vinegar，而应是be jealous。有趣的是，英语文化中把“嫉妒”和jaundice（黄疸）连起来，说某人嫉妒是be jaundiced。顺便说一下，形容一个人言谈迂腐、说话酸溜溜的，英语是pedantic或priggish；a sour fellow是“一个脾气乖张的人”；the sweet and sour of life则指“人生苦乐”。

　　与之有关的颜色隐喻，英汉也不一样，汉语中嫉妒别人常说“得了红眼病”，而英语却说green-eyed。嫉妒被称为green-eyed monster；莎士比亚把“嫉妒”称为the green sickness。

[skyhyatt]

欢迎北北的东东~~~~~

凡是和翻译有关的都可以发到这个帖子里,便于大家学习嘛

[北北]

原文：You can't teach old dogs new tricks.译文：你无法教老狗新把戏。
　　辨误：翻译是一种跨文化交际，译者要注意英汉词语之间的文化差别。原文是一句英语谚语，在英语中dog是一个中性偏褒的词，lucky　dog（幸运儿），top　 dog（优胜者）,clever　dog（聪明人）等都可以指人，如果某人买彩票得了大奖，你说He　is　a　lucky　dog，一点也没有贬义或嫉妒的意思，等于说“他真走运”或“他真是福星高照”。Every　dog　has　its　day意为“凡人自有出头日”。help a lame dog overastile指“济人之急”。like a dog with two tails常指“（某人）非常高兴”。You couldn't have given Andrew a more welcome present than that bicycle;he was pleased as a dog with two tails.（你送给安德鲁的那辆自行车是他最欢迎的礼物，他简直高兴得没治了。）这些说法中的dog并没有贬义，因为在西方狗被认为是人类最忠实的朋友。

　　当然dog有时也含有贬义，如：yellow dog（无赖）,going to dogs（完蛋）,die like a dog（死得很惨）等。

　　本次的翻译辨误中，原文显然讲的并不是狗而是人，而在汉语里把人称做“狗”是不能接受的。所以，原文可译为：上年纪的人学不了新玩意。

[skyhyatt]

LECTURE1.2 答案公布
once bit,twice shy.一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳
birds of a feather flock together物以类聚,人以群分
every potter praises his pot.王婆卖瓜,自卖自夸
do one thing under cover of another明修栈道,暗度陈仓

大智若愚He knows most who speaks least./Still water runs deep.
自食其果As you make the bed,you must lie in it.
失之东隅,收之桑榆What we lose in hake we shall have in herring.
有福同享,有难同当Stick together through thick and thin.

[skyhyatt]

LECTURE1.3
三.引语口译
Interpreting Quotations

有时,人们在接待或访问是常常在演讲中引用一些名家名言和经典诗句,以表达自己的感情和立场,或赞颂对方民族的文化传统.
例如,1999年10月22日江泽民主席在英国剑桥大学发表演讲时说道:"中华民族历来尊重人的尊严和价值.还在遥远的古代,我们的先人就已提出 民为贵 的思想,认为 天生万物,唯人为贵(Man is the most valuable among all the things that heaven fosters.)结束时,又引用了孔子的一句话:"逝者如斯夫!不舍昼夜."(The passage of time is just like the flow of water,which goes on day and night.)
朱鎔基总理在1999年访美时,在一次记者招待会上回答某个记者提出的有关人权的问题也引用了"民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻"(The people are the most important element in a state;next are the gods of land and grain;least is the ruler himself.)
美国前总统里根1984年4月访华时在欢迎宴席上引用了 易经 里的一句话,他说:And as a saying from The Book of Changes goes,"If two people are of the same mind,their sharpness can cut through metal.(两人同心,可以断金)
克林顿总统1998年6月访华时在北京的人民大会堂的国宴上致辞时引用了孟子的一句话,他说道:In so many different ways,we are upholding the teachings of Mencius,who said:"A good citizen in one community will befriend the other citizens o f the community;a good citizen of the world will befriend the other citizens of the world."(一乡之善士斯友一乡之善士,天下之善士斯友天下之善士)
在这些场合,就要求译员能准确流利地将引语译成目标语.这就需要积累一定数量的名家名言和经典诗句.以下崭露了一部分广为流传的经典佳句,供参考:

博学之,审问之,慎思之,明辨之,笃行之.Learn extensively,inquire thoroughly,ponder prudently,discriminate clearly,and practice devotedly.
不登高山,不知天之高也;不临深渊,不知地之厚也.One can never be aware of the height of the sky or the depth of the earth,if he does not climb up a high mountain or look down into a deep abyss.
大道之行也,天下为公.A public spirit will rule all under the sky when the great Way prevails.
大江东去,浪淘尽,千古风流人物.The endless river eastward flows;with its huge waves are gone all those gallant heroes of bygone years.
丹青不知老将至,富贵于我如浮云.Absorbed in painting,you know not old age is coming;indeed,to me wealth and rank are like clouds scudding.
但愿人长久,千里共婵娟.We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight,even though miles apart.
富贵不能淫,贫贱不能移,威武不能屈,此之后谓大丈夫.It is a true great man whom no money and rank can confuse,no poverty and hardship can shake,and no power and force can suffocate.
海内存知己,天涯若比邻.A bosom friend afar brings distance near.
祸兮,福之所倚;福兮,祸之所伏.Misfortune,that is wherehappiness depends;happiness,that is where misfortune underlies.
君子成人之美,不成人之恶.The gentleman helps other to achieve their moral perfection but not their evil conduct.
两情若是长久时,又岂在朝朝暮暮.If love between both sides can last for aye,why need they stay together night and day?
路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索.The way ahead is long;I see no ending,yet high and low I'll search with my will unbending.
天生我才必有用.Heaven has endowed me with talents for eventual use.
相见时难别亦难.It is unbearable to meet as well as to depart.
有朋自远方来,不亦乐乎.It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.


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[ Last edited by skyhyatt on 2005-7-31 at 13:15 ]

[飘儿]

英译过去就没有 原来的 感觉了哈